Intelligent Soldier Health Monitoring and Risk Prediction System: Practical Integration of IoT and Machine Learning

This project is a practical soldier safety monitoring system based on IoT and machine learning, integrating ESP32 main control, LoRa communication, multi-sensor fusion, and decision tree model to provide a complete solution for physiological index monitoring, environmental perception, and intelligent early warning. The project is an academic year project from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at R.M.K. Engineering College, with code open-sourced on GitHub (link: https://github.com/kamaleshwaran969496/MLSSHMRPS).

In modern military and emergency rescue scenarios, traditional health monitoring relies on post-event reports or regular physical examinations, which cannot provide real-time risk warnings. To address this need, this project builds an end-to-end system covering hardware selection, data collection, and visual display, aiming to enhance individual soldier safety assurance capabilities and solve the technical challenges of real-time monitoring and risk prediction.

Hardware Layer: ESP32 WROOM-32 main control, equipped with MAX30102 (heart rate/blood oxygen), MPU6050 (motion posture), DHT22 (temperature and humidity), GPS NEO-6M (positioning), and LoRa RA-02 (long-distance communication) modules. Software and Algorithm Layer: Python Flask backend for data processing, HTML/CSS/JS + Leaflet for front-end visualization, and decision tree classifier for health status prediction.

The system defines 9 health statuses: Normal, Fatigue, Panic Risk, Injury Risk, High Temperature Risk, Low Temperature Risk, Severe Low Temperature Risk, Heatstroke, and Data Anomaly. Advantages of choosing decision trees: strong interpretability (rules are easy to convert into business logic), high computational efficiency (real-time inference on edge devices), and intuitive feature importance (convenient for optimizing sensor configuration).

Data flow path: Sensor layer → ESP32 transmitter → LoRa transmission → ESP32 receiver → Flask application → Machine learning prediction → Web dashboard. Real-time functions: Continuous heart rate/blood oxygen monitoring, environmental temperature and humidity tracking, GPS positioning update, motion state detection. Web dashboard features: Real-time data charts, interactive map positioning, historical trend analysis, risk level color prompts.

1. Multi-sensor Fusion: Fusing multi-dimensional data via ML models (e.g., high temperature + abnormal heart rate + exercise intensity to identify heat stress risk); 2. LoRa Communication Balance: Balancing long distance (several kilometers) and low power consumption, suitable for field scenarios without cellular networks; 3. Edge Intelligence Reservation: The architecture supports deploying decision tree models to ESP32 for local inference, reducing network dependency.

Future optimization directions: 1. Enhance data encryption for LoRa communication; 2. Expand to team-level multi-soldier monitoring; 3. Integrate cloud database for historical data analysis; 4. Add SMS emergency alerts; 5. Explore deep learning models to improve prediction accuracy.

Practical Value: The technical architecture can be extended to scenarios such as fire rescue, extreme sports, industrial safety, and medical monitoring. Conclusion: This project is a complete IoT+ML practical case, including hardware list, code implementation, and demonstration, providing references for embedded development, IoT system design, and edge AI applications.